<p><p><h2>Preferred Design Procedure</h2>There is no Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recommended design guidance for CSV technology. The technology is proprietary and was developed in Germany. Recommended design guidance is provided (in German) as a technical bulletin by the German Society for Geotechnical Engineering (DGGT) titled <em>AK 2.8: Merkblatt für die Herstellung, Bemessung und Qualitätssicherung von Stabilisierungssäulen zur Untergrundverbesserung, Teil I - CSV Verfahren</em>, which may be purchased through the link below. In their book, <em>Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils</em>, Kempfert and Gebreselassie (2006) provide a limited English translation of the above mentioned design guidance; however, it should be noted that some discrepancies exist between the publications. Table 1 provides a list of the typical inputs and outputs for design and analysis procedures.</p><p>DGGT Design Guidance: <a href="http://www.dggt.de/index.php?option=com_ipricecalc&view=category&am…;
<p><p><h2><strong>References</strong></h2>Berg, R.R., Christopher, B.R. and Samtani, N.C., <em>Design and Construction of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes</em>, FHWA NHI-10-024 Vol I and NHI-10-025 Vol II, U.S. DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2009, pp 306 (Vol I) and 378 (Vol II). Vol. I: <a href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/nhi10024/nhi10024.pdf…; ; Vol. II: <a href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/nhi10025/nhi10025.pdf… AK2.8 (2002). “Merkblatt für die Herstellung, Bemessung und Qualitätssicherung von Stabilisierungssäulen zur Untergrundverbesserung: Teil I - CSV Verfahren (Combined Soil Stabilization with Vertical Columns).” Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik, Arbeitskreis 2.8</p><p>Kempfert, H. G. and Gebreselassie, B. (2006). “Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils.” Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. 461-523.</p><p>Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. (2008). <em>Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes</em>, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Monograph MNO-12, 235 pp.</p><p>Morrison, K. F., Harrison, F. E., Collin, J. G., Dodds, A., and Arndt, B. (2006). “Shored Mechanically Stabilized Earth (SMSE) Wall Systems”, Technical Report, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., Report No. FHWA-CFL/TD-06-001, 212 p.</p><p>Youd, T.L., Idriss, I.M., Andrus, R.D., Arango. I., Castro, G., Christian, J.T., Dobry, R., Finn, W.D.L., Harder, L.F., Hynes, M.E., Ishihara, K., Koester, J.P., Liao, S.S.C., Marcuson, W.F., Martin, G.R., Mitchell, J.K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M.S., Robertson, P.K., Seed, R.B., and Stokoe, K.H. (2001). “Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils”, J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 10, pp. 817 - 833. <a href="http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%291090-0241%282001%29127…;