<p><p><h2>Preferred QC/QA Procedures</h2>The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provided QC/QA guidance for this technology. The documents are summarized below.</p><p><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-2051'><thead><th><center>Publication Title</th><th><center>Publication
Year
</th><th><center>Publication Number</th><th><center>Available for Download</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>Geotechnical Aspects of Pavements</td><td > <center>2010</td><td > <center>FHWA-NHI-10-092</td><td > <center>No<sup>1</td></tr></tbody></table><br><p class="disclaimer"><sup>1</sup> Available for purchase at:</p><p class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/training/nhistoresearchresults.aspx?get=&a… quality is achieved by meeting established requirements, as detailed in project plans and specifications, including applicable codes and standards. Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) are terms applied to the procedures, measurements, and observations used to ensure that construction satisfies the requirements in the project plans and specifications. QC and QA are often misunderstood and used interchangeably. Herein, Quality Control refers to procedures, measurements, and observations used by the contractor to monitor and control the construction quality such that all applicable requirements are satisfied. Quality Assurance refers to measurements and observations by the owner or the owner's engineer to provide assurance to the owner that the facility has been constructed in accordance with the plans and specifications.</p><p>The components of QC/QA monitoring programs for Traditional Compaction are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3. The entries in the table are a list of typical items, not a list of all methods that could be used for QC/QA. Some QC procedures and measurement items may also serve as QA procedures and measurement items.<br><h3>TABLE 1. TYPICAL EXISTING QC/QA PROCEDURES AND MEASUREMENT ITEMS</h3><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-2052'><thead><th><center>QC or QA</th><th><center>Material or Process</th><th><center>Items</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>QC</td><td ><center>Material Related</td><td >•Moisture/Density Tests
•Proof Rolling
•Permeability
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>QC</td><td ><center>Process Control</td><td >•None noted
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>QA</td><td ><center>Material Related</td><td >•Penetration Tests
•Static Plate Load Tests
•Dynamic Load Tests (LWD, FWD, Clegg)
•Small Strain Mod. (SSG, BCD, Seismic)
•Moisture Density Tests; Proof Rolling
•Permeability
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>QA</td><td ><center>Process Control</td><td >•None noted
</td></tr></tbody></table><br><h3>Table 2. PERFORMANCE CRITERIA USE IN QC/QA MONITORING PROGRAMS</h3><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-2053'><thead><th><center>Topics</th><th><center>Items</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>Material Parameters</td><td >•Stiffness/Modulus
•Shear Strength
•Unit Weight
•Permeabilty
•Settlement
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>System Behavior</td><td >•None noted
</td></tr></tbody></table><br><h3>Table 3. EMERGING QC/QA PROCEDURES AND MEASUREMENT ITEMS</h3><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-2054'><thead><th><center>Topics</th><th><center>Items</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>Material Related</td><td >•Intelligent Compaction</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Process Control</td><td >•Intelligent Compaction</td></tr></tbody></table></p></p>
<p><p><h2> QC/QA Guidelines</h2>The majority of compaction specifications will indicate that the criterion to be achieved is a predetermined density value instead of a shear strength value or a modulus value. Therefore, density tests (e.g. nuclear method, sand cone method) are currently the most common methods of QC/QA used with compaction. Proof rolling is also used extensively in order to detect soft spots within the compacted fill. There is however precedent in utilizing more performance based QC/QA procedures in order to apply the properties of the compacted fill to pavement design and the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG).</p><p>Inspections, construction observations, daily logs, and record keeping are essential QC/QA activities for all technologies. These activities help to ensure and/or verify that:<br><ul> <li>Good construction practices and the project specifications are followed.</li> <li>Problems can be anticipated before they occur, in some cases.</li> <li>Problems that do arise are caught early, and their cause can oftentimes be identified.</li> <li>All parties are in good communication.</li> <li>The project stays on schedule.</li></ul>Additional technology-specific details for inspections, construction observations, daily logs, and record keeping QC/QA activities are provided in the <em>Individual QC/QA Methods </em>section below.</p></p>
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