<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Karol (2003)<br>Parish et al. (1983)<br>Waller et al. (1983)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Measurement of settlement or heave can be performed with in-ground instrumentation or with surface survey. Heave or settlement control is vital to structural grouting applications such as underpinning of existing structures were excessive heave or settlement will damage these structures. These measurements can be used as a process control to provide feedback during grouting operation or as final acceptance criteria as this measurement can be the critical performance specification in a grouting project.</p><p><strong>Accuracy and Precision</strong></p><p>This depends on the test method used. Robotic total station measurements have comparatively low measurement error compared to conventional survey rod measurements.</p><p><strong>Adequacy of Coverage</strong></p><p>It is possible to conduct measurements over large areas with robotic total station or continuous global positioning system (GPS) measurements.</p><p><strong>Implementation Requirements</strong></p><p>The method is relatively easy to implement with limited additional cost.</p><p><strong>General Comments</strong></p><p>In the case of structural grouting applications such as those discussed here, settlement and heave measurements are very useful to determine the performance of the grout treatment. This method is extremely important in underpinning applications to ensure existing structure are not damaged.</p></p>