<p><p><strong>References:<br></strong><em>Kitazume (2005)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Heaving of the ground surface can be monitored through regular surveying during construction.</p><p><strong>Accuracy and Precision</strong></p><p>Surveying is a highly accurate and precise procedure.</p><p><strong>Adequacy of Coverage</strong></p><p>Surveying can cover a large area in a short amount of time.</p><p><strong>Implementation Requirements </strong></p><p>While specialized equipment is necessary, only minimal experience is required. Surveying is a well-known and commonly used procedure.</p><p><strong>General Comments</strong></p><p>Ground surface heave during SCP installation has been commonly observed. Heaving occurs in clays and sands with high fines content. Heaving limits the SCP density and the effectiveness of the SCP method. Upheaval volumes have been observed up to 80% of the amount of sand installed. The shape and volume of ground heaving has been found to depend on the replacement area ratio, type of machinery used, installation sequence, and other factors. The coefficient of upheaval (μ) was developed to account for this effect and is defined as the ratio of the volume of the upheaval portion to the volume of sand introduced. Equations are provided in Kitazume (2005) equating the coefficient of upheaval as a function of replacement ratio, SCP length, and shear strength of the original ground.</p></p>