<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Bjerrum et al. (1967)<br>Casagrande (1952)<br>Dearstyne and Newman (1963)<br>Glendinning et al. (2005)<br>Pugh (2002)<br>Hamir et al. (2001)<br>Lo et al. (2001a)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Soil sampling from borings is an effective method for visually examining the soil and conducting appropriate laboratory testing. The following table is provided by Pugh (2002) summarizing the test measurement, its effectiveness, and its acceptability limits (where electro-osmosis is applicable). ASTM standards and/or references where the test methods are described are added to the table.</p><p><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-1953'><thead><th><center>Test</th><th><center>Use</th><th><center>Acceptability</th><th><center>Reference</th><th><center>Applicability</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>Atterberg Limits</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>5 to 30% of plasticity index</td><td ><center>ASTM D4318-10</td><td ><center>QC/QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Water Content</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>0.6 to 1.0 of liquidity index</td><td ><center>ASTM D2216-05</td><td ><center>QC/QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Particle size distribution</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>Silts and clays</td><td ><center>ASTM D422-63</td><td ><center>QC/QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Density*</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>Not applicable</td><td ><center>—*</td><td ><center>QC/QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Organic content</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>Up to organic</td><td ><center>ASTM D2974-07a</td><td ><center>QC </td></tr><tr><td ><center>Electrical conductivity</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>0.05 S/m to 0.005 S/m</td><td ><center>ASTM G187-05</td><td ><center>QC </td></tr><tr><td ><center>Consolidation</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>0.3 to 1.5 MPa</td><td ><center>ASTM D4186-06 ASTM D2435-04</td><td ><center>QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Permeability</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>< 10^-8m/s</td><td ><center>ASTM 5084-03</td><td ><center>QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Undrained shear</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>< 55 kPa</td><td ><center>ASTM D2166-06
ASTM D850-03a
</td><td ><center>QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Drained shear</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>φ'< 30<sup>o</td><td ><center>CD triaxial tests</td><td ><center>QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Electro-Osmotic cell </td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td rowspan=2 ><center>Not applicable</td><td ><center>Hamir et al. (2001)
Lo et al. (2001a)
</td><td rowspan=2 ><center>Not applicable</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Electro-Osmotic box</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>Hamir et al. (2001)</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Resilient Modulus</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td rowspan=3 ><center>No information available in literature</td><td ><center>AASHTO T-307</td><td ><center>QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>R-value</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>ASTM D2844-07e1</td><td ><center>QA</td></tr><tr><td ><center>California Bearing Ratio (CBR)</td><td > <center><img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /> <img src="http://geotechtools.geoinstitute.org/app/uploads/2018/03/check-mark.png…; alt="" width="22" height="16" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-479" /></center> </td><td ><center>ASTM D1883-07e2</td><td ><center>QA</td></tr></tbody></table><br><p class="disclaimer"><strong>√√√√- </strong>Excellent; <strong>√</strong><strong>√</strong><strong>√</strong><strong>- </strong>Good; <strong>√</strong><strong>√</strong><strong>- </strong>Reasonable; <strong>√</strong><strong>- </strong>Poor; *density is measured using sample dimensions (height and diameter), mass, and moisture content of a shelby tube extracted sample</p><strong>Accuracy and Precision</strong></p><p>Accuracy and precision depend on the test method. For some tests (e.g., consolidation, permeability, shear strength, resilient modulus, R-value, CBR) it is hard to determine (a) the precision of the test method due to the nature of the test method and (b) the accuracy as no acceptable reference values are available. Most of these test methods (except electro-osmotic cell or box tests) are widely used in geotechnical engineering practice.</p><p><strong>Adequacy of Coverage</strong></p><p>These tests represent soil properties of the sample obtained only. Experience is required to interpret soil-layering information from multiple soil borings and samples.</p><p><strong>Implementation Requirements </strong></p><p>A drill rig will be needed if samples are to be obtained from greater depths. Samples from shallow depths can be obtained using hand auger sampling or drive core sampling.</p><p><strong>General Comments </strong></p><p>Obtaining samples enables visual inspection of the treated soil and provides material for conducting a variety of laboratory tests as described above. It is helpful to assess the improvement if tests are performed prior to and after improvement.</p></p>