<p><p><h2>Preferred QC/QA Procedures</h2>The following Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) documents provide QC/QA guidance for this technology. The documents are summarized below.</p><p><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-1927'><thead><th><center>Publication Title</th><th><center>Publication
Year
</th><th><center>Publication Number</th><th><center>Available for Download</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>Design and Control of Chemical Grouting. Vol. 1 - Construction Control</td><td > <center>1983</td><td > <center>FHWA/RD-82/036</td><td > <center>No</td></tr><tr><td > <center>Design and Control of Chemical Grouting. Vol. 2 – Materials Description Concepts</td><td > <center>1983</td><td > <center>FHWA/RD-82/037</td><td > <center>No</td></tr><tr><td > <center>Design and Control of Chemical Grouting. Vol. 3 – Engineering Practice</td><td > <center>1983</td><td > <center>FHWA/RD-82/038</td><td > <center>No</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>Dresse et al. (2003) and Karol (2003) discuss several advanced and emerging QC/QA technologies that are not documented in the FHWA documents referenced above.</p><p>Construction quality is achieved by meeting established requirements, as detailed in project plans and specifications, including applicable codes and standards. Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) are terms applied to the procedures, measurements, and observations used to ensure that construction satisfies the requirements in the project plans and specifications. QC and QA are often misunderstood and used interchangeably. Herein, Quality Control refers to procedures, measurements, and observations used by the contractor to monitor and control the construction quality such that all applicable requirements are satisfied. Quality Assurance refers to measurements and observations by the owner or the owner's engineer to provide assurance to the owner that the facility has been constructed in accordance with the plans and specifications.</p><p>Table 1 shows the components of QC/QA monitoring programs for Chemical Grouting-Injection Systems technology. The entries in the table are a list of typical items, not a list of all methods that could be used for QC/QA. Some QC procedures and measurement items may also serve as QA procedures and measurement items.<br><h3><strong> </strong><strong>TABLE 1. TYPICAL EXISTING QC/QA PROCEDURES AND MEASUREMENT ITEMS</strong></h3><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-1928'><thead><th><center>QC or QA</th><th><center>Material or Process</th><th><center>Items</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>QC</td><td ><center>Material Related</td><td >•Materials specified by supplier. “Gel time” tests
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>QC</td><td ><center>Process Control</td><td >•Drilling and grouting records
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>QA</td><td ><center>Material Related</td><td >•“Gel time” tests, Strength tests, test pit excavation
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>QA</td><td ><center>Process Control</td><td >•Coring, water testing, exposure</td></tr></tbody></table><br><h3><strong>TABLE 2. PERFORMANCE CRITERIA USE IN QC/QA MONITORING PROGRAMS </strong></h3><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-1929'><thead><th><center>Topics</th><th><center>Items</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>Material Parameters</td><td >•Specified values of permeability, strength and homogeneity
</td></tr><tr><td ><center>System Behavior</td><td >•Settlement and heave, permeability</td></tr></tbody></table><br><h3><strong>TABLE 3. EMERGING QC/QA PROCEDURES AND MEASUREMENT ITEMS</strong></h3><table class='tablepress' id='tablepress-1930'><thead><th><center>Topics</th><th><center>Items</th></thead><tbody><tr><td ><center>Material Related</td><td >•Geophysical methods, Borehole camera, Cross hole seismic</td></tr><tr><td ><center>Process Control</td><td >•Full automation with computer controlled systems, acoustic emissions, real time structural monitoring (“Cyclops”)</td></tr></tbody></table></p></p>
<p><p><h2>QC/QA Guidelines</h2>A comprehensive QC/QA program is very important to the success of a chemical grouting process. Various methods of QC/QA are used in chemical grouting. These include methods to evaluate the properties of materials used before and during construction, monitoring of the construction/injection process and quantities, and evaluation of the performance of the grouted areas after constructions. Recent developments in computer monitoring and control, allowing for real time evaluation of the grout process and quantities, have the potential to greatly improve the construction efficiency and quality for chemical grouting projects and also reduce costs (Dreese et al. 2003). Traditional methods, such as penetration testing and inspection excavation should not be overlooked as they often provide quantitative measurements of performance properties and complement a cumulative QC/QA program. Experience of engineers, contractors, and technicians should be considered the most valuable resource for quality results in chemical grouting operations.</p><p>Inspections, construction observations, daily logs, and record keeping are essential QC/QA activities for all technologies. These activities help to ensure and/or verify that:<br><ul> <li>Good construction practices and the project specifications are followed.</li> <li>Problems can be anticipated before they occur, in some cases.</li> <li>Problems that do arise are caught early, and their cause can oftentimes be identified.</li> <li>All parties are in good communication.</li> <li>The project stays on schedule.</li></ul>Additional technology-specific details for inspections, construction observations, daily logs, and record keeping QC/QA activities are provided in the <em>Individual QC/QA Methods </em>section below.</p><p> </p></p>
<p><p><h2>References</h2>Baker, W.H. (1983). "Design and Control of Chemical Grouting. Vol. 3 – Engineering Practice," Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA/RD-82/038, Washington, DC.</p><p>Brachman, R. W.I., Martin, C.D., and Gilliss, S.A., (2004) “Grout field trials in outwash sands.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 41, 1-11.</p><p>Bruce, D.A. (1994). “An Overview of Grouting Developments.” Geotechnical News, 12(4). December, pp. 36-40.</p><p>Dreese, T. L., Wilson, D.B., Heenan, D. M., and Cockburn, J. (2003). “State of the art in computer monitoring and analysis of grouting.” Grouting and Ground Treatment, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 120. Edited by L.F. Johnsen, D.A. Bruce, and M.J. Byle, American Society of Civil Engineers, New Orleans, LA, February 10-12, pp. 1440-1453.</p><p>Karol, R.H. (2003). Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.</p><p>Krizek, R.J. and Baker, W.H. (1983). "Design and Control of Chemical Grouting. Vol. 2 – Materials Description Concepts," Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA/RD-82/037, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.</p><p>Kulhawy, F.H. and Mayne, P.W. (1990). <em>Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation for Design</em>, Prepared by Cornell University for the Electric Power Research Institute, Report Number EPRI EL-6800 Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.</p><p>Lees, D. and Chuaqui, M. (2003). “Soil grouting: Means, methods, and design.” Grouting and Ground Treatment, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 120. Edited by L.F. Johnsen, D.A. Bruce, and M.J. Byle, American Society of Civil Engineers, New Orleans, LA, February 10-12, pp. 1347-1359.</p><p>Müller, R. and Bruce, D.A. (2000). "Equipment for cement grouting: An overview." Advances in Grouting and Ground Modification. Proceedings of Sessions of GeoDenver 2000, American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, CO, August 5-8, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 104, Eds. R.J. Krizek and K. Sharp, pp. 155-172.</p><p>Munfakh, G.A. (1991). “Deep chemical injection for protection of an old tunnel.” ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1089, 266-278.</p><p>Parish, W. C., Baker, W.H., and Rubright, R.M., (1983). “Underpinning with chemical grout.” Civil Engineering, 53(8), 42-45.</p><p>Waller, M. J., Hue, P. J., and Baker, W. H. (1983). "Design and Control of Chemical Grouting. Vol. 1 - Construction Control," Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA/RD-82/036, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.</p></p>