<p><p><figure id='attachment_3398' style='max-width:1058px' class='caption alignnone'><img class="wp-image-3398 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Schematic representation of Deep soil mix plan of Fort Point Channel." width="1058" height="606" /><figcaption class='caption-text'> Deep soil mix plan of Fort Point Channe

<p><p><figure id='attachment_3407' style='max-width:975px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3407 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Plan view of the areas of improvement for the widening the embankment of the I-95 and US Route 1 interchange in Alexandria, Virginia." width="975" height="552" /><figcaption class=&#03

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Broms (2003)<br>Bruce (2001)<br>CDIT (2002)<br>Elias et al. (2006a)<br>EuroSoilStab (2002)<br>Usui (2005)<br>Werle et al. (2000)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Installation control and monitoring is the primary quality control measure in the deep mixing QC/QA process. Deep mixing equipment should include data acquisition systems and proper instrumentation to monitor and record real-time data.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Broms (2003)<br>Bruce (2001)<br>CDIT (2002)<br>EuroSoilStab (2002)<br>Hodges et al. (2008)<br>Jacobson et al. (2003)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Laboratory mix trials (bench scale testing) are an essential process in any deep mixing project. The purpose of conducting mix trials is to determine which stabilizing agent(s) and in what quantity will produce the desired soil improvement results.

Liquefaction Potential Assessment

Deep Mixing Methods (DMM) may be used at sites with in-situ soils that may be susceptible to liquefaction during earthquakes. Loose saturated sands, silty sands, sandy silts, and silts are likely to be in this category. When DMM is used for support of embankments and structures, and to increase slope stability, it is also necessary to confirm that there will not be a risk of liquefaction or other ground disturbance that could lead to loss of support and lateral spreading.

<p><p><strong>Supporting Reference(s):<br></strong><em>FHWA Design Manual for Deep Mixing for Embankment and Foundation Support<br>Filz (2009)<br>Filz and Templeton (2011)<br>Filz et al. (2012)<br>Lambrechts (2005)</em></p><p>A flow chart depicting the overall process of design and construction for DMM projects is shown in figure 1.

<p><p><strong>Supporting Reference(s):<br></strong><em>Briaud and Rutherford (2010)</em></p><p>Briaud and Rutherford (2010) provide a broad guideline and the general steps needed to design DMM for excavation support.</p><p>Once DMM is deemed feasible for the project, the function and design criteria should be established and a soil investigation performed. Based on the requirements of the project, the wall type is selected.

<p><p><figure id='attachment_3410' style='max-width:766px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3410 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Photograph of deep mixing equipment used in construction of Levee LPV 111." width="766" height="582" /><figcaption class='caption-text'> Deep Mixing Construction of Levee

<p><p><figure id='attachment_3412' style='max-width:783px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3412 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Photograph showing Deep mixing method block treatment gravity wall at intersection of Air Cargo Road and Taxiway B, Oakland, CA." width="783" height="423" /><figcaption class='cap

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Broms (2003)<br>Cali et al. (2005a)<br>Larsson (2005)<br>Porbaha and Puppala (2003)<br>Terashi and Kitazume (2009</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>The penetration and pullout category encompasses several in-situ methods of testing treated soil.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Broms (2003)<br>Esrig et al. (2003)<br>Hughes et al. (2001)<br>Larsson (2005)<br>Porbaha and Puppala (2003)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>The pressuremeter test is used to evaluate the strength and compression modulus in treated columns. Pressuremeter tests are typically performed by inserting the apparatus into a pre-drilled hole at the center of the column to the desired depth.

<p><p><strong>Reference(s):</strong></p><p><em>Bruce et al. (2000)<br>Bruce (2001)<br>Burke and Sehn (2005)<br>Larsson (2005)<br>Terashi and Kitazume (2009)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Wet grab sampling is one of the two most common quality assurance methods in current U.S. practice to determine the as-constructed strength of deep mixed columns. It should be noted that this verification method is only applicable to DMM projects utilizing the wet method.