<h2>Preferred Design Procedure</h2> <p>Unlike other geotechnical engineering technologies in this catalog, rock slope stabilization is a blanket term that covers a range of topics. Because of this, it is difficult to locate literature that encompasses the design guidance for every stabilization method. While one FHWA document was included in this section (FHWA-IF-99-015), it only covers the design of tieback walls. This is insufficient to be considered as a comprehensive document for the design of rock slope stabilizers because it omits other aspects such as drainage and geometry alteration. To account for the gaps in information, DOT reports, journal papers, and other outside sources were used. The textbook, Rock Slope Engineering: Civil and Mining by Wyllie and Mah, is the most complete source discovered for learning about the overall design guidance of rock slope stabilization. None of the design methods below are proprietary.</p> <p>There are three main classifications for rock slope stabilization. They consist of altering the slope geometry, installing drainage, and installing reinforcement devices. These categories can then be broken down into specific technologies. The technologies chosen for this section are rock bolts, horizontal drains, tieback walls, shotcrete, and scaling. Scaling falls under slope geometry alteration. Rock bolts, shotcrete, and tieback walls are classified as reinforcement techniques, while horizontal drains cover the category of drainage. There are many more stabilization techniques (concrete buttresses, shear keys, resin injection, blasting, etc.), but were omitted due to the lack of supporting literature.</p>
<h2>References</h2> <p>Black, B. (2018). Libby, Montana, and MDT District 3 Interstate 15 Rockfall Mitigation. <em>Transportation Research Circular - Managing Highway Rock Slope Scaling,</em> (260), 33-40.</p> <p>Hoek, E., & Brown, E. (1997). Practical estimates of rock mass strength. <em>International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,</em> <em>34</em>(8), 1165-1186. doi:10.1016/s1365-1609(97)80069-x</p> <p>Kılıc, A., Yasar, E., & Celik, A. (2002). Effect of grout properties on the pull-out load capacity of fully grouted rock bolt. <em>Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,</em> <em>17</em>(4), 355-362. doi:10.1016/s0886-7798(02)00038-x</p> <p>Li, C., & Stillborg, B. (1999). Analytical models for rock bolts. <em>International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,</em> <em>36</em>(8), 1013-1029. doi:10.1016/s1365-1609(99)00064-7</p> <p>Long, M. T. (1991). Exploration, Design, and Construction of Horizontal Drain Systems. <em>Transportation Research Record,</em> (1291), 166-172.</p> <p>Neuzil, C., & Tracy, J. V. (1981). Flow through fractures. <em>Water Resources Research,</em> <em>17</em>(1), 191-199.</p> <p>NYSDOT. (2020). <em>Standard Specifications</em> (Vol. 2, pp. 82-397, Rep.). Albany, NY: New York State Department of Transportation.</p> <p>Slack, R. L. (2018). <em>Special Specification for Cement Grouted Rock Bolts</em> (pp. 1-5, Rep. No. EI 18-004). Albany, NY: New York State Department of Transportation.</p> <p>Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D. G., & Bachus, R. C. (1999). <em>Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 4 - Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems</em> (pp. 65-77, Rep. No. FHWA-IF-99-015). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.</p> <p>Weatherby, D. E. (1988). <em>U.S. Patent No. 4718791</em>. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.</p> <p>WSDOT. (2010). <em>Rock Slope Scaling and Removal and Disposal of Rock Slope Scaling Debris</em> (pp. 1-2, Rep.). Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Transportation.</p> <p>Wyllie, D. C., Mah, C. W., Hoek, E., & Bray, J. (2009). <em>Rock Slope Engineering: Civil and Mining</em>. New York, NY: Spon Press.</p>