Mass Mixing Methods Cost Information
<p><p><h2>Commentary</h2>The costs of using mass mixing methods on a highway project should be captured in a contract bid item measured by the cubic yard (CY). Included in this bid item are the material, equipment, labor, and incidentals to construct a shallow mixed column or create a mass stabilized soil volume.
Mass Mixing Methods Fact Sheet
<p><p><figure id='attachment_2608' style='max-width:598px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-2608 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Schematics of the equipment and process used for shallow soil mixing (left) and mass stabilization (right)." width="598" height="164" /><figcaption class='caption-text'> Sc
Mass Mixing Methods Specifications
<p><p><h2>Summary of Example Specifications</h2>Summaries for each specification are provided below. The example specifications are included in this document after the summaries.<br><div class="grayed-title subsection"><strong>Specification Name/Number:</strong> Shallow Soil Mixing Construction</div><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>GeoCon. <a href="http://www.geocon.net/resources-technicalspecifications.asp">http://www…; (July 24, 2014)</em></p><p>This specification is written for use with a large-diameter, crane-mounted mixing auger using a slurried binder. The specification is written primarily for environmental applications such as contaminant stabilization or fixation, but it does have some provisions for structural support. This is a performance specification: performance criteria are provided along with minimum equipment requirements. Quality control requirements include specific tests to be performed (measurements, penetration testing, UCS, etc.) and material certifications. The specification can be easily modified to include additional QC tests.<br>The specification requires a specialty contractor with significant shallow soil mixing experience, but it does not require proprietary equipment. The contractor must submit qualifications along with work and quality control plans. The contractor carries a majority of the responsibility.<br><div class="grayed-title subsection"><strong>Specification Name/Number:</strong> Guide Technical Specifications: Soil Mixing</div><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>GeoCon. Geo-Solutions, Inc. <a href="http://www.geo-solutions.com/samplespecs/soil-mixing.php">http://www.ge…; (July 24, 2014)</em></p><p>This specification is written for use with a large-diameter, crane-mounted mixing auger using a slurried binder. The specification can be adapted for soil improvement, structural support, or environmental applications. This is a performance specification: conformance to the specification requires achievement of prescribed performance criteria. Minimum equipment requirements are also provided. The specification calls for a thorough design submittal including a design mix program, environmental testing, sampling plan, laboratory grout and soil mix, and material sources. Quality control requirements are clearly outlined including testing type, frequency, and performance criteria.<br>The specification requires a specialty contractor and shallow soil mixing design expert, both with significant shallow mixing experience. The specification prescribes specific equipment requirements but does not require proprietary equipment or methods. As a performance<br>specification, a majority of the responsibility is placed on the contractor.<br><div class="grayed-title subsection"><strong>Specification Name/Number:</strong> Guide Technical Specifications: Soil Mixing</div><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>Hayward Baker Inc. (2009). “Dry Soil Mixing.” Publication U14, Hayward Baker.</em></p><p>This specification is written as a general specification for the dry mixing method. This may be applied to shallow mixing or mass stabilization (or deep mixing). The specification can be adapted for a number of soil mixing applications. This is a performance approach specification with equipment and method requirements provided. The specification can be modified for sitespecific constraints and performance criteria. The specification allows acceptance criteria to be defined in three different ways: a combination of bearing capacity and settlement criteria, global stability criteria, or strength and geometry criteria. The specification includes an extensive execution of work section, which includes specific information on site monitoring, laboratory and field testing, installation, and quality control. Column penetration tests (KPS) are specified as the primary quality control test.<br>The specification calls for a pre-qualified contractor and describes specific contractor qualifications. Specific binders are included, which may exclude other economically or environmentally advantageous binder materials.</p></p>
Mix Design
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>Aldridge and Naguib (1992)<br>ALLU (2007)<br>Andersson et al. (2001)<br>Garbin et al. (2011)<br>Harris et al. (2009)<br>Hodges et al. (2008)<br>Jasperse (undated)<br>Lahtinen and Niutanen (undated)<br>Sleep et al.
Peat Stabilization, Veittostensuo, Finland
<p><p><figure id='attachment_3505' style='max-width:745px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3505 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Cross section schematic showing a typical section of a mass stabilization of a peat foundation under an embankment in Finland." width="745" height="530" /><figcaption class='capti
Settlement
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>ALLU (2007)<br>Hannigan et al.
Settlement Monitoring
<p><p><strong>References:<br></strong><em>ALLU (2007)<br>Dunnicliff (1998)<br>Garbin and Mann (2010)<br>Havukianen et al. (2011)<br>Jelisic and Leppanen (1999)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>A primary objective of shallow soil mixing and mass stabilization is to improve settlement properties of a foundation soil. To ensure that the treatment is effective, settlement should be monitored for some time following treatment.
Storage Tank Foundation Support
<p><p><figure id='attachment_3507' style='max-width:887px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3507 size-full" style="border: 2px solid #696969;" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Schematic site plan for storage tank foundation support using shallow mass mixing in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada." width="887" height="
Test Excavation
<p><p><strong>References:<br></strong><em>Aldridge and Naguib (1992)<br>Garbin et al. (2011)</em></p><p><strong>Method Summary</strong></p><p>Stability and homogeneity of the post-treatment soil can be assessed using test pits and partial excavation of mixed elements. Test excavation is a quality assurance technique used to verify the extent of mixing and homogeneity of the mixed soil.
Undrained Shear Strength
<p><p><strong>Reference(s):<br></strong><em>Garbin et al. (2011)</em></p><p>The treated soil must have sufficient shear strength to satisfy bearing capacity and/or slope stability requirements.
US Highway 1, Jewfish Creek, FL
<p><p><figure id='attachment_3503' style='max-width:749px' class='caption aligncenter'><img class="wp-image-3503 size-full" src="https://www.geoinstitute.org/sites/default/files/geotech-tools-uploads/…; alt="Photograph of equipment used for mass stabilization along US Highway 1 near Jewfish Creek in the Florida Keys." width="749" height="536" /><figcaption class='caption-text'>
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
<p><p><strong>References:<br></strong><em>ALLU (2007)</em></p><p>Although x-ray fluorescence is not routinely used on mass mixing projects, a brief description of the method is included here because it could be useful as an investigative tool.